Paipu kila pololei sorbitized no nā ʻāpana kaʻa

Sorbitized (5.50) paipu kila pololei no nā ʻāpana kaʻa.ʻO ka inoa kumu ʻo "lead quenching method".Mai ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻomehana ko mākou ʻāina i ke kaula kila i ka wela austenitizing, a laila hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻauʻau alakaʻi i ka mahana kokoke i ka ihu o ke kiʻi hoʻololi isothermal.Mālama ʻia ka mahana isothermal a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka decomposition austenitic, a laila kapaipu kila pololeihoʻohana kūikawā ʻia no nā ʻāpana kaʻa i lawe ʻia a hoʻoluʻu ʻia i ka lewa no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hale sorbite a pau a i ʻole ka hapa nui.ʻO ka hoʻomehana ponoʻī a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka manawa (6.4) (6.5).

Ma mua, aia kahi hua'ōlelo maʻamau o "spontaneous combustion", i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili o ka paipu kila pololei no nā ʻāpana kaʻa, nā ʻāpana kinai o kaʻO ka paipu pololei ʻoleno ka mea, ua wela a ua wela na mea kaa otomobile ma muli o ka lawe ana i ka wela ma waho o ka puuwai.Eia nō naʻe, mai ka noiʻi hohonu ʻana o ka martensite haʻahaʻa carbon, ʻike ʻia ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe Ms point, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻopau.nā paipu kila pololei no nā lako kaʻa, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo spontaneous tempering.ʻO kēia ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela mai ke kumu o nā paipu kila kaʻa pololei a i ka ʻili a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana.ʻO ka hoʻokūpaʻa kūlohelohe (a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe) (7.8).

ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka lewa ākea no ka manawa lōʻihi e hoʻomaha ai i ke kaumaha, pēlā e hoʻopaʻa ai i ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka hoʻolei ʻana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka wā kahiko ma Kina.ʻOiai hiki ke unuhi maoli ʻia ka huaʻōlelo Pelekane ʻo "seasoning" ma ke ʻano he "ʻelemakule", ua wehewehe ʻia ka ʻelemakule ma ke ʻano kūikawā o ke kaʻina hana wela o nā paipu kila pololei no nā hale metala a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a i ʻole ka deformation plastic anuanu. hoʻololi kāna hana me ka manawa ke kau ʻia ma ka lumi wela a i ʻole ka wela iki aʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana o nā mea paipu kila pololei i hoʻohana kūikawā ʻia no nā ʻāpana kaʻa ma hope o ka ʻelemakule, ʻo ia ka ua o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka diffusion ʻāpana, ʻaʻole ka hoʻomaha a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaumaha o loko.I mea e pale aku ai i ka huikau, e kapa ʻia nā hoʻolei ʻana ma ke ʻano he "kūlohelohe kūlohelohe" ma kahi o ka "ʻelemakule".Māhele ʻike kalapona (8.23).ʻO ka maʻiʻo kalapona o ka paipu kila kūikawā kūikawā no nā ʻāpana kaʻa e pili ana i ka ʻike kalapona i loko o nā ʻāpana kila holoʻokoʻa a ʻāpana paha, akā ʻaʻohe ʻano palena.Ua kaupalena ʻia kona ʻano kalapona i ka hopena paʻa i ka α Iron a i ʻole γ Carbon maʻiʻo o ka hao.

Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā Carbides ma luna o ka ʻili carburized o nā paipu kila kila kaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka carburizing i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka carbide (8.14) i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki i hala.No laila, kūpono ke lawe ʻana i ka ʻike kalapona e like me ka hōʻike nui o ka ʻike kalapona i loko o ka papa carburized.Hana kalapona (8.27).ʻO ke ʻano kino o ka hana ʻo ia ka ʻike kūpono o kahi solute i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hāʻina i hāʻawi ʻia (a i ʻole ka hopena paʻa).ʻO ka carburizing o nā paipu kila pololei no nā ʻāpana kaʻa e hana maʻamau i ka mokuʻāina austenitic, no laila, ʻo ka hana kalapona o ka carburizing kila e pili ana i ka ʻike kūpono o ke kalapona i loko o ka austenite.

Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia ʻaʻole pono e helu ʻia ka coefficient o ka hana a me ka hana o ke kalapona i loko o ka ferrite ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻohālikelike empirical ma ka makemake.ʻŌlelo no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili o nā paipu ʻālohilohi pololei no nā kaʻa.No ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o nā paipu kila pololei no nā ʻāpana kaʻa he ʻenehana hoʻololi i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana waiwai i kēia lā, nā huaʻōlelo o ka pale ʻana i ka laser (12.1), ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa laser shock (12.2), micro arc oxidation (12.3), implantation ion ( 12.4), ikaika puʻupuʻu electron beam irradiation (12.20), plasma spraying (12.21), thermal spraying (12.22) a me nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke kumu o nā huaʻōlelo o ka paʻi 1999.Ma kēia kumu, ua hoʻoponopono mākou i nā ʻōlelo o kēia hoʻoili automotive pahu kila pololei,a ua hana maikaʻi i ka ʻenekinia ili a me ka mālama wela hui ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo deposition