Nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o ka huki ʻana i ke anu anuanu

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka hana wela o ke kila, ma muli o kekahi mau kumu (e like me ka non-metallic inclusions, gases, kaʻina koho a i ʻole ka hana kūpono ʻole, etc.).Nā hemahema i loko a i ʻole ma ka ʻili o kapaipu kila ʻolee hoʻopilikia koʻikoʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka mea a i ʻole ka huahana, a i kekahi manawa ke alakaʻi i ka mea a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana e ʻoki ʻia.

ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (4)
ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (5)
ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (6)

ʻO ka porosity, nā ʻōhū, nā koena lua pele, nā mea hoʻohui ʻole, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, nā kiko keʻokeʻo, nā māwae a me nā hemahema ʻokoʻa like ʻole i loko.nā paipu kila ʻole huki anuhiki ke loaʻa ma o ka nānā ʻana macroscopic.ʻElua mau ʻano nānā macro: ka nānā ʻana i ka leaching acid a me ka nānā ʻana i ka haki.ʻO nā hemahema macroscopic maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia e ka leaching acid i wehewehe pōkole ʻia ma lalo nei:

ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (7)
ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (8)

1. Kaawale

Ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana: I ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, hui ʻia kekahi mau mea ma muli o ka crystallization koho a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, e loaʻa ana i ka hui kemika like ʻole.Wahi a nā kūlana hoʻohele like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke ʻano ingot, ka hoʻokaʻawale kikowaena a me ka hoʻokaʻawale kiko.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Macroscopic: Ma nā laʻana leaching acid, ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā mea corrosive a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokomo kinoea, ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele o ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano, concave iki, palahalaha ka lalo, a he nui nā wahi microporous paʻa.Inā hoʻohui ʻia ka mea pale, he microbump ʻulaʻula, ʻano like ʻole, ʻano maʻalahi.

2. wehe

Ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana: I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana paʻa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kila i ka hana wela ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa paʻa hope ʻana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea e hana i nā hemahema.E like me kā lākou māhele ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: waena waena a ākea ākea.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Macroscopic: Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe wai wela, ʻo nā pores he mau polygons like ʻole a me nā lua me nā lalo haiki, maʻamau ma kahi o ka kaʻawale.I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, aia kahi manaʻo e hoʻopili i kahi ʻano spongy.

ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (1)

3. Hoʻokomo

Ke kumu hana:

① Hoʻokomo metala haole

Ke kumu: I ka wā o ka ninini ʻana, hāʻule nā ​​pahu metala, nā poloka metala a me nā ʻāpana metala i loko o ka mold ingot, a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka hao i hoʻohui ʻia ma ka hopena o ke kahua hoʻoheheʻe.

Nā hiʻohiʻona macroscopic: Ma nā lau i kālai ʻia, ka hapa nui o nā ʻano geometric me nā ʻaoʻao ʻoi a me kahi ʻokoʻa kala ʻokoʻa mai ka puni.

② Hoʻokomo ʻia nā haole metala ʻole

Ke kumu: I ka wā o ka ninini ʻana, ʻaʻole i lana a ʻili paha ka mea refractory o ka uhi o ka umu ahi a me ka paia o loko o ka ʻōnaehana ninini.

Nā hiʻohiʻona Macroscopic: Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia nā mea hoʻohui ʻole metala nui, ʻoiai nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e ʻino a ʻili, e waiho ana i nā puka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.

③ Huli i ka ʻili

Ke kumu o ka hana ʻana: Aia i loko o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni semi-cured ma ka ʻili o ka ingot lalo.

Nā hiʻohiʻona Macroscopic: He ʻokoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka hāpana leaching acid mai nā wahi a puni, a ʻo ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi curved ʻokoʻa, a loaʻa pinepine nā hoʻokomo oxide a me nā pores a puni.

4. Hoemi

Ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana: I ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ingot a i ʻole ka hoʻolei ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopiha ʻia ka wai i loko o ke kumu ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka leo i ka wā o ka condensation hope, a ʻo ke poʻo o ka ingot a i ʻole ka hoʻolei ʻana e hana i kahi lua macroscopic.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona macroscopic: Aia ka lua ʻemi i waenakonu o ka laʻana leached acid laterally, a ʻo ka wahi a puni e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, hui ʻia a wehe paha.I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia nā puka a i ʻole nā ​​māwae ma mua o ke kālai ʻana, a ma hope o ke kālai ʻana, ʻeleʻele nā ​​ʻāpana o nā lua a ʻano like me nā puka wrinkled ʻole.

5. Nā ʻōhū

Ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana: Nā pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kinoea i hana ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻolei ʻana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona Macroscopic: Hōʻike ʻokoʻa me nā māwae e pili pono ana i ka ʻili me ka oxidation liʻiliʻi a me ka decarburization kokoke.ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōpū ea subcutaneous ma lalo o ka ʻili i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻōpū ea subcutaneous, a ua kapa ʻia nā ʻōpū ea subcutaneous hohonu he pinholes.I ke kaʻina hana forging, hoʻonui kēia mau puka unoxidized a unwelded i loko o nā paipu lahilahi me nā pinhole liʻiliʻi kaʻawale ma ka ʻāpana keʻa.ʻO ka ʻāpana keʻa e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa maʻamau, akā ʻo ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele ʻo ia nā ʻōpū o ka honeycomb i loko.

6. Vitiligo

Ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana: ʻO ka mea maʻamau i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mana o ka hydrogen a me ke koʻikoʻi structural, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o ke kila kekahi mana, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka māwae.

Nā hiʻohiʻona macroscopic: Pōkole, māwae lahilahi ma luna o nā laʻana leached waiʻona wela.Aia nā kiko keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o ke kālā koʻikoʻi ma ka haʻi longitudinal.

7. Māhā

Ke kumu hana: axial intergranular māwae.Ke koʻikoʻi ka hale dendritic, e ʻike ʻia nā māwae ma ka lālā nui a ma waena o nā lālā o ka billet nui.

Nā māwae i loko: Nā māwae i hana ʻia e nā kaʻina hana kuʻi ʻole a me ka ʻōwili ʻana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona Macroscopic: Ma ka ʻāpana keʻa, haki ke kūlana axial ma ka intergranular, i ke ʻano o kahi punawelewele, a loaʻa ka radial ma nā hihia koʻikoʻi.

ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (2)
ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau a me ke kumu o nā paipu hao ʻole i huki ʻia i ke anu (3)

8. Pololi

Nā kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana: ʻili ʻili ʻole o ka ʻilipaipu kila kalapona huki anua i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana kila i ka wā e hana ai a me ka ʻōwili ʻana, ua uhi ʻia nā kihi ʻoi a me nā kihipaipu kila liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻano pepeiao i hana ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻolālā kūpono ʻole a i ʻole ka hana ʻana, a hoʻomau ʻia ka holo ʻana.luna i ka wā hana.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona macroscopic: Ma ka transverse hot acid dipping sample o ke anu i huki ʻia i ka seamless steel pipe, aia kahi māwae oblique ma ka ʻili o ke kila, a aia kahi decarburization koʻikoʻi kokoke, a loaʻa pinepine ka māwae i ka unahi oxide.


Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-02-2022