1. Ka ho'āʻo 'ana i ka helu o nā paipu kila kūikawā - plasticity
ʻO ka plasticity e pili ana i ka hiki i nā mea metala ke hana i ka deformation plastic (deformation mau) me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino ma lalo o ka ukana.
2. Ka nānā 'ana i ka papa kuhikuhi o ka paipu kila kūikawā - pa'akikī
ʻO ka paʻakikī kahi kuhikuhi e ana i ka paʻakikī o nā mea metala.ʻO ke ala maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ka paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī indentation, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi indenter me kahi geometry e kaomi i ka ʻili o ka mea metala i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma lalo o kekahi ukana, a hoʻoholo i kona waiwai paʻakikī e like me ke degere. o indentation.
ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau ʻo Brinell hardness (HB), Rockwell hardness (HRA, HRB, HRC) a me Vickers hardness (HV).
3. Ka helu helu hana o ka paipu kila kūikawā - luhi
ʻO ka ikaika, ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna nei nā hōʻailona āpau o nā waiwai mechanical o nā metala ma lalo o ka ukana static.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nui nā ʻāpana mīkini e hana ma lalo o ka ukana cyclic, a ma lalo o kēia kūlana, hiki mai ka luhi.
4. Ka nānā 'ana i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka paipu kila kūikawā - pa'akikī hopena
ʻO ka ukana e hana ana i ka mīkini me ka wikiwiki nui, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka haʻahaʻa hopena, a ʻo ka hiki o ke metala ke pale aku i ka pōʻino ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻakikī hopena.
5. Ka nānā 'ana i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka paipu kila kūikawā - ikaika
ʻO ka ikaika e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā mea metala i ka hāʻule ʻole (ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastic a i ʻole ka haki ʻana) ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa paʻa.No ka mea, ʻo nā ʻano hana o ka ukana e pili ana i ka ʻāʻī, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ke kuʻi ʻana a me ka shear, ua māhele ʻia ka ikaika i ka ikaika tensile, ka ikaika compressive, ka ikaika kulou a me ka ikaika shear.Loaʻa pinepine kahi pilina ma waena o nā ikaika like ʻole.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka ikaika tensile ka hōʻailona ikaika maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia.
